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Introduction Few hormones in human biology have sparked as much fascination, debate, and misunderstanding as testosterone. For decades, it has been celebrated as the quintessential “male hormone,” associated with virility, libido, muscle mass, and bone strength. In recent years, however,…

Introduction Kidney transplantation remains the gold standard treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), offering superior survival and quality of life compared to dialysis. Yet, behind the celebratory headlines of “graft survival” and “creatinine normalization,” there lies a quieter but equally…

Introduction Modern medicine often suffers from compartmentalization: cardiologists manage the heart, endocrinologists handle hormones, and urologists concern themselves with the prostate, kidneys, and male sexual function. Yet the biological truth does not respect these professional boundaries. Erectile dysfunction (ED), once…

Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) remains one of the most distressing sequelae following radical prostatectomy. While surgeons have refined nerve-sparing techniques since the 1980s, the sobering truth persists: many men continue to experience compromised erectile function after surgery. Beyond its physical…

Introduction When sildenafil citrate—originally developed to treat angina—emerged as the world’s first oral therapy for erectile dysfunction, few anticipated its later identity as a pharmacological polymath. Beyond penile vascular physiology and pulmonary hypertension, sildenafil is increasingly recognized for its influence…

Introduction The physiology of penile erection represents one of the most elegant intersections between endocrinology, neurobiology, and vascular medicine. Central to this system are two principal regulators: testosterone, the quintessential androgen, and sildenafil, the archetypal phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor….

Introduction The story of sildenafil, originally introduced as a treatment for erectile dysfunction, is evolving in directions few pharmacologists anticipated. Beyond its now iconic role as a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor for vasodilation, sildenafil has been investigated for pulmonary…

Introduction Few enzyme families embody both elegance of biochemical design and therapeutic potential as strikingly as cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). These enzymes, tasked with the hydrolysis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), operate as molecular brakes…

Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is often regarded as a disease of aging, yet an increasing body of evidence has disrupted this stereotype. Alarmingly, a growing number of young men under 40 years are presenting with ED. For a sizable proportion…

Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) represents one of the most common conditions encountered in men as they age. Defined as the persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance, ED is far from a trivial inconvenience….

Introduction Sexual health disorders remain among the most underdiagnosed and undertreated areas in modern medicine. In women, particularly, low sexual interest and arousal difficulties are both common and profoundly distressing. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of…

Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not simply a urological nuisance—it is a multifaceted complication that reveals the deep metabolic and vascular disruptions caused by chronic disease. The prevalence of ED among men…

Introduction Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an almost inevitable guest in the lives of aging men. By the age of 80, up to 80% of men will show histological evidence of prostate enlargement, often accompanied by bothersome lower urinary tract…

Introduction For more than two decades, sildenafil has been recognized as a breakthrough in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Introduced in the late 1990s, it fundamentally changed the therapeutic approach to male sexual dysfunction. Its primary mechanism, the inhibition…

Introduction: The Persistent Puzzle of Fetal Growth Restriction Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains one of the most pressing challenges in obstetric medicine. Globally, between 5% and 55% of pregnancies are affected depending on region and maternal risk factors. The consequences…

Introduction Infertility remains one of the most challenging medical and social issues of modern times. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART), particularly in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), have transformed the landscape of reproductive medicine. At the heart of…

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is more than a matter of sexual health; it is a diagnostic puzzle, a therapeutic challenge, and often a mirror reflecting the underlying vascular and endocrine well-being of a man. Despite the wealth of guidelines published by…

Introduction Sildenafil citrate has traveled a fascinating journey since its discovery. Originally synthesized as a potential anti-anginal agent, it famously redefined itself as Viagra, a breakthrough treatment for erectile dysfunction. Later, the same pharmacological properties that improved penile blood flow…

Introduction Sildenafil citrate, more popularly recognized under its brand name Viagra, is celebrated as a revolutionary treatment for erectile dysfunction. Since its approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1998, it has been widely used by millions of…

Introduction Sildenafil citrate, commonly recognized by its commercial name Viagra®, revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of erectile dysfunction when it was introduced in the late 1990s. By selectively inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), sildenafil enhances cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) availability, promoting…

Erectile dysfunction (ED) remains one of the most discussed yet frequently underestimated conditions in men’s health. While its clinical definition is straightforward—the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance—the reality for patients extends far beyond…

Erectile dysfunction (ED) has long transcended its once-dismissed reputation as a trivial inconvenience of aging. Today, it is recognized as both a common clinical condition and a sentinel marker of broader systemic disease, particularly cardiovascular pathology. The modern physician is…

Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) remains one of the most prevalent and consequential male sexual health conditions worldwide. Once a private affliction often endured in silence, ED has, in the last three decades, become a major focus of both clinical and…

Introduction In contemporary medicine, the interest in natural compounds that support health and prevent disease has reached a new peak. Among the amino acids circulating in our metabolism, L-arginine holds a particularly important place. This semi-essential amino acid is more…

Introduction: Rethinking Fertility Strategies Infertility remains one of the most challenging issues in reproductive medicine, not only for its biological complexity but also for its profound psychological and social consequences. Intrauterine insemination (IUI), often described as a first-line assisted reproductive…

Introduction: When the Endometrium Refuses to Cooperate In reproductive medicine, the uterus often receives less attention than the ovary, yet without a receptive endometrium, the most meticulously prepared embryo has no chance of implanting. Endometrial thickness, long debated and sometimes…

Introduction: When a Pill for the Heart and Libido Affects the Eyes Sildenafil citrate is a name that hardly requires introduction. Initially developed for cardiovascular conditions, it gained global recognition as a treatment for erectile dysfunction and later as therapy…

Why quantify aspirin and sildenafil together—and why salicylic acid matters Co-administration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and sildenafil citrate (SIC) is more than a pharmacological curiosity. The pairing has been explored for treating thin endometrium and for improving vascular erectile dysfunction—use…