Oral Sildenafil Citrate as an Adjuvant to Clomiphene: A Modern Strategy for Enhancing Endometrial Thickness and Managing Unexplained Infertility

Unexplained infertility remains one of the most frustrating diagnoses in reproductive medicine. Despite a normal hormonal profile, patent tubes, and satisfactory semen parameters, many couples find themselves in the agonizing category of “unexplained.” For such women, ovulation induction with clomiphene…

Estrogen Metabolites, Oxidative Stress, and the Pathophysiology of Treatment-Resistant Depression

Introduction Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous and disabling illness, affecting more than 300 million individuals worldwide. Despite decades of research and the availability of multiple pharmacological classes—selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine…

Prehabilitation and Rehabilitation in Radical Cystectomy: Optimizing Health-Related Quality of Life and Functional Outcomes

Radical cystectomy remains the cornerstone treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer and selected cases of high-risk non–muscle-invasive disease. Despite refinements in surgical technique, perioperative care, and the use of enhanced recovery pathways, the procedure carries a significant burden of morbidity. Patients…