Introduction The story of sildenafil, originally introduced as a treatment for erectile dysfunction, is evolving in directions few pharmacologists anticipated. Beyond its now iconic role as a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor for vasodilation, sildenafil has been investigated for pulmonary…
Author: admin
Introduction Few enzyme families embody both elegance of biochemical design and therapeutic potential as strikingly as cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). These enzymes, tasked with the hydrolysis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), operate as molecular brakes…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is often regarded as a disease of aging, yet an increasing body of evidence has disrupted this stereotype. Alarmingly, a growing number of young men under 40 years are presenting with ED. For a sizable proportion…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) represents one of the most common conditions encountered in men as they age. Defined as the persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance, ED is far from a trivial inconvenience….
Introduction Sexual health disorders remain among the most underdiagnosed and undertreated areas in modern medicine. In women, particularly, low sexual interest and arousal difficulties are both common and profoundly distressing. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not simply a urological nuisance—it is a multifaceted complication that reveals the deep metabolic and vascular disruptions caused by chronic disease. The prevalence of ED among men…
Introduction Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an almost inevitable guest in the lives of aging men. By the age of 80, up to 80% of men will show histological evidence of prostate enlargement, often accompanied by bothersome lower urinary tract…
Introduction For more than two decades, sildenafil has been recognized as a breakthrough in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Introduced in the late 1990s, it fundamentally changed the therapeutic approach to male sexual dysfunction. Its primary mechanism, the inhibition…
Introduction: The Persistent Puzzle of Fetal Growth Restriction Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains one of the most pressing challenges in obstetric medicine. Globally, between 5% and 55% of pregnancies are affected depending on region and maternal risk factors. The consequences…
Introduction Infertility remains one of the most challenging medical and social issues of modern times. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART), particularly in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), have transformed the landscape of reproductive medicine. At the heart of…
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is more than a matter of sexual health; it is a diagnostic puzzle, a therapeutic challenge, and often a mirror reflecting the underlying vascular and endocrine well-being of a man. Despite the wealth of guidelines published by…
Introduction Sildenafil citrate has traveled a fascinating journey since its discovery. Originally synthesized as a potential anti-anginal agent, it famously redefined itself as Viagra, a breakthrough treatment for erectile dysfunction. Later, the same pharmacological properties that improved penile blood flow…
Introduction Sildenafil citrate, more popularly recognized under its brand name Viagra, is celebrated as a revolutionary treatment for erectile dysfunction. Since its approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1998, it has been widely used by millions of…
Introduction Sildenafil citrate, commonly recognized by its commercial name Viagra®, revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of erectile dysfunction when it was introduced in the late 1990s. By selectively inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), sildenafil enhances cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) availability, promoting…
Erectile dysfunction (ED) remains one of the most discussed yet frequently underestimated conditions in men’s health. While its clinical definition is straightforward—the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance—the reality for patients extends far beyond…
Erectile dysfunction (ED) has long transcended its once-dismissed reputation as a trivial inconvenience of aging. Today, it is recognized as both a common clinical condition and a sentinel marker of broader systemic disease, particularly cardiovascular pathology. The modern physician is…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) remains one of the most prevalent and consequential male sexual health conditions worldwide. Once a private affliction often endured in silence, ED has, in the last three decades, become a major focus of both clinical and…
Introduction In contemporary medicine, the interest in natural compounds that support health and prevent disease has reached a new peak. Among the amino acids circulating in our metabolism, L-arginine holds a particularly important place. This semi-essential amino acid is more…
Introduction: Rethinking Fertility Strategies Infertility remains one of the most challenging issues in reproductive medicine, not only for its biological complexity but also for its profound psychological and social consequences. Intrauterine insemination (IUI), often described as a first-line assisted reproductive…
Introduction: When the Endometrium Refuses to Cooperate In reproductive medicine, the uterus often receives less attention than the ovary, yet without a receptive endometrium, the most meticulously prepared embryo has no chance of implanting. Endometrial thickness, long debated and sometimes…
Introduction: When a Pill for the Heart and Libido Affects the Eyes Sildenafil citrate is a name that hardly requires introduction. Initially developed for cardiovascular conditions, it gained global recognition as a treatment for erectile dysfunction and later as therapy…
Why quantify aspirin and sildenafil together—and why salicylic acid matters Co-administration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and sildenafil citrate (SIC) is more than a pharmacological curiosity. The pairing has been explored for treating thin endometrium and for improving vascular erectile dysfunction—use…
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) remains a formidable challenge in cardiovascular therapeutics. Despite numerous pharmacological advances, the disease demands innovative strategies that address both patient compliance and long-term efficacy. This article explores a novel formulation concept—encapsulated mini tablets (MTs)—combining immediate-release Sildenafil…
Sildenafil citrate, the famed molecule behind the success of Viagra®, has long enjoyed the limelight as a therapeutic agent in erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, beyond its clinical efficacy lies an underexplored territory of scientific intrigue—its thermal behavior….
Why Children Are Not Just Scaled-Down Adults Pediatric pharmacotherapy has a stubborn habit of defying adult logic. The temptation to take an adult dose, divide by body weight, and call it a day is understandable—and wrong. Across childhood, organ systems…
Erectile dysfunction therapy has always lived at the intersection of pharmacology and practicality. The pill must work, but it also has to fit into lives that do not pause for a glass of water or a discreet moment with a…
Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has matured from a daring intervention into routine practice for many hematologic disorders. Survival curves have climbed; clinic rosters have filled with long-term survivors. Now comes the part less suited to heroics and more to discipline:…
The promise, plainly stated Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are not hype in search of a disease; they are the body’s courier service, shuttling proteins, lipids, and RNA between cells with unnerving precision. In reproductive medicine—a field where timing, microenvironments, and cross-talk…
Why this gap matters now The world is aging, and Southeast Asia is aging fast. In 2019 there were an estimated 46.8 million people aged 65 or older in ASEAN countries and roughly 703 million globally; by 2050, one in…
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the workhorses of regenerative medicine: plastic-adherent, multipotent, and disarmingly versatile. Their appeal is obvious—relative ease of procurement, low basal immunogenicity, and a trophic secretome that calms inflammation while nudging damaged tissues toward repair. Yet primary…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) remains one of the most distressing complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), affecting not only physiological health but also the quality of life, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships. The global rise in diabetes prevalence has inevitably led to…
Introduction: The New Frontier of Critical Care The modern intensive care unit (ICU) has transformed the prognosis of critically ill patients. Sophisticated monitoring, advanced mechanical ventilation, and tailored pharmacologic interventions have turned once-fatal conditions into survivable episodes. Yet, survival alone…
Understanding the Clinical Landscape Complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs) represent a significant clinical challenge, often involving multiple organ systems and presenting with substantial morbidity and mortality. Unlike uncomplicated infections, which remain confined to a single organ and can often be treated…
The Unseen Threat: Understanding Prostate Cancer Prostate cancer quietly ascended to become one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers among men, occupying the notorious position as the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Despite numerous advancements, it remains an enigmatic…
Unraveling the Mystery of Male Fertility and Medications Male infertility is increasingly recognized as a pressing health issue, affecting approximately 17.5% of the global population at some stage in life. While various factors contribute to male infertility, including hormonal imbalances,…
A Quiet Revolution in Erectile Dysfunction Treatment Erectile dysfunction (ED) has long been a thorny issue for men worldwide, particularly among hypertensive patients. The intertwined relationship between cardiovascular health and sexual performance places hypertensive men at a uniquely elevated risk…
Understanding the Cardiovascular Puzzle For many men diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD), life often brings the additional burden of erectile dysfunction (ED). Treatment options for ED, notably phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5i), offer relief and improved quality of life. Yet, the…
The Invisible Threat to Male Reproductive Health Climate change has rapidly emerged as one of the most significant threats to global public health. While its broader implications, such as rising temperatures, extreme weather conditions, and food insecurity, receive substantial attention,…
Understanding the Clinical and Economic Challenges of BPH Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most prevalent urological disorders affecting aging men globally. With advancing age, the prostate naturally enlarges, leading to significant urinary symptoms such as increased frequency,…
Addressing the Overlooked Aspect of Cancer Treatment Cancer care today reaches beyond merely prolonging life—it encompasses improving the patient’s quality of life, an area historically overlooked by clinicians. Within this domain, sexual health emerges as a particularly sensitive yet critical…
Understanding the Challenge The landscape of prostate cancer treatment has evolved dramatically, yet one aspect consistently overshadows therapeutic success—erectile dysfunction (ED). External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT), while highly effective for localized prostate cancer, carries the unfortunate baggage of sexual dysfunction. Complicating…
An Intriguing Hypothesis Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and erectile dysfunction (ED) are two major health concerns affecting aging men worldwide. These conditions individually reduce the quality of life significantly, and the coexistence of both may intensify the psychological distress men…
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains a stubbornly persistent medical challenge characterized by elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries. This condition is not simply a matter of increased pressure; it encompasses severe remodeling of pulmonary vessels due to abnormal cell…
From Laboratory Accident to Global Phenomenon In the intricate and occasionally humorous world of medical discoveries, phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors stand out as a particularly fortunate accident. Originally developed in the late 1980s for treating angina—a common heart condition…
Erectile dysfunction (ED), defined as the persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual satisfaction, remains a significant health concern affecting men globally, irrespective of age. Beyond its physical implications, ED negatively impacts psychological health, relationships, and…
Introduction to the Hidden Costs of Prostate Cancer Treatment Prostate cancer remains the most common cancer diagnosed among men worldwide, second only to lung cancer in mortality rates. Despite advances in medical technology dramatically improving survival, the consequences of treatment—particularly…
Prostate cancer is a common health concern among men worldwide, significantly impacting the quality of life due to persistent side effects from treatment. One of the most distressing long-term complications experienced by prostate cancer survivors is urinary incontinence, which profoundly…
Embracing Technology in Nursing Care Prostate cancer is increasingly prevalent, particularly in countries with aging populations. As medical advancements continue, more patients survive surgery but face postoperative complications such as urinary incontinence and sexual dysfunction. These issues significantly impact patients’…
Low Dose Rate Brachytherapy for Localized Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Review and Clinical Guide
Understanding Low Dose Rate Brachytherapy Low Dose Rate (LDR) brachytherapy has firmly established itself as an effective and highly precise treatment for localized prostate cancer. This modality involves the careful implantation of radioactive seeds directly into the prostate, typically guided…
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains one of the most prevalent malignancies affecting men worldwide, often treated effectively with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT works by significantly lowering testosterone levels, either surgically through orchiectomy or pharmacologically using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists or…